Project A Natural Disaster And Disaster Recovery Plan

In this case assignment I am to research a natural disaster, discuss if the local government has made disaster recovery plans and whether or how the plan has been executed. Whether the plan was effective, and how it can be improved. I am also to describe the natural disaster, when, where, how, and what happened. Before we can understand the what, we need to make sure we understand the why and how. We will first discuss the disaster recovery plan, what is it?. Disaster recovery plan defines how an organization will deal with a possible disasters whether is natural or man-made. A disaster is just an event that makes the business process of normal functions impossible or challenging. A disaster recovery plan comprises of the protections taken so that the effects of a disaster will be mitigated and the organization will be able to continue or rapidly resume their normal operation roles. Normally, disaster recovery planning includes an analysis or risk assessment of the organizations processes and stability needs; it may also consist a major focus on disaster prevention. Disaster recovery plan in the United States usually has been controlled by State and local governments, with the Federal government as a supporting role. While we remain truthful to the basic constitutional principle, we must also accept that events such as hurricane Katrina and the terrorist attacks of 9/11, require the government, both local and State to tailor the applicati on of these principles to theShow MoreRelatedDisaster Recovery For A Business1190 Words   |  5 PagesDisaster recovery for a business goes further than backing up some tapes or disks and storing them in an off-site storage facility. Disaster recovery also involves making the business whole again, from retrieving the data backups after the disaster to restoring the data on the system, and opening the doors for business again with minimal loss of time, money, and reputation. This paper discusses the implications of a non-existent or inadequate plan for disaster recovery, with a particular focusRead MoreDisaster Recovery1475 Words   |  6 PagesMedia Madness Disaster Recovery Plan Overview By Loki Consulting, Inc. Iris Morgan Heather German Gwen Northrup EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Loki Consulting, Inc. was established in 1997 as a result of Hurricane Fran. Many businesses were devastated by the storm due to the absence of a disaster recovery plan. Realizing the need for disaster recovery consultation, Loki Consulting, Inc. was created to provide businesses with expert knowledge on implementing a critical component of any organizationRead MoreDelimitations And Complications Of Management In The Server System1188 Words   |  5 Pagesupdates will occur. ï‚ § In the current climate, technology updates so quickly, it threatens to overcome our ability to produce viable plans to utilize that technology. ï‚ § As new technology emerges, organizational staff will develop plans to implement that technology. When organizational leadership determines that new technology should be implemented, policies and plans should be developed to meet those requirements. 6. Delimitations a) The process of delimitation will take place, within this studyRead MoreDisaster Characteristics And Management Stages Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesDisaster Characteristics and Management Stages A disaster is defined as a natural or man-made incident in which the degree of destruction, death or injury overwhelms the community, exhausts the available resources and decreases the community’s ability to respond (Nies McEwen, 2015). The frequency of natural disasters in on the rise. Studies show that since the 1970’s, floods, storms, droughts and heatwaves have increased five-fold (Unesco, 2011). Many experts point to climate change as the causeRead MoreCase Study : Nissan Motor Company Ltd1401 Words   |  6 Pagesoperations management functions to provide products and generate value for its customers and achieve a competitive advantage, and will compare and contrast service operations and manufacturing operations. This paper will also compare and contrast the project management techniques of PERT and CPM at Nissan, explain the steps used to develop a forecasting system, and list the major categories of supply chain risk. Operations management is the set of activities that creates value in the form of goodsRead MoreThe Best Shot At Success During A Disaster869 Words   |  4 Pagesand making the business continuity process predictable. This enables business continuity plans created in one area of the organization to be easily reused elsewhere which is consider to be flexible. To give your organization the best shot at success during a disaster, you need to put a current, tested plan in the hands of all personnel responsible for carrying out any part of that plan. The lack of a plan doesn t just mean your organization will take longer than necessary to recover from an eventRead MoreDisaster Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"DISASTERS CREATES OPPURTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT† DISASTER: Disaster can be defined as â€Å"The occurrence of a sudden or major misfortune which disrupts the basic fabric and normal functioning of a society, or community.† â€Å"An event or series of events which gives rise to casualties and/or damage or loss of property, infrastructure, essential services or means of livelihood on a scale which is beyond the normal capacity of the affected community’s ability to cope with out aid.† According to UNISDRRead MoreBusiness Continuity Plan For A Business1425 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness Continuity Plan (BCP) is made in order to continue business operation when the business site is adversely affected by some natural calamities like flood, storm, earthquake, fire, communication failure or by some terrorist attacks and crimes. This plan explains the measures taken by the organization to recover its business operation or operation transferred to another business site. Business continuity plans are made to recover from both short term and long term disasters. Plan Purpose: The purposeRead MoreEssay about Knoxville, Tennessee Emergency Operations Plan989 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction An emergency operations plan for the community in which we live is a document of great importance to each of us whether we know it or not. This paper examines the emergency action plan for Knoxville, Tennessee. In the course of the examination, it will compare and analyze the plan for Knoxville with the standards set forth in the textbook for this course along with other recognized sources in the field of emergency management. Knoxville, Tennessee With a population of nearly oneRead MoreBusiness Continuity Planning And Disaster Recovery1359 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness continuity Planning and Disaster recovery: For any Organization to survive on log run, executives must give priority to Disaster recovery (DR) and Business continuity (BC) plan during budget allocations and never see a payback from those investments. Disasters won t happen daily, they rarely occur. But when it happens and if the company doesn t have a Plan or mechanism to fast recover, then that company loses its customer to its competitors. Business continuity plan includes steps company must

Projectiles Practical Report Free Essays

Projectiles Practical Report 1. Introduction Velocity is a vector measurement of the rate and direction of motion or, in other terms, the rate and direction of the change in the position of an object. [1] Velocity can be found many ways through various suvat Equations and their rearranged forms. We will write a custom essay sample on Projectiles Practical Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example v2=u2+2as in which the square of the final velocity can be found if you know the objects initial velocity, the acceleration and the distance travelled. Using such formulae makes it possible to test equipment, efficiently and accurately. . Aim The aim of this practical is to build and evaluate the performance of a marble launcher, this is done by first finding the velocity of the marble using the equation v2=u2+2as, this will be done by conducting an experiment to first find the vertical distance (s) the marble travels and acceleration due to gravity (a). This will then be used to find the time the marble will travel for at angles of 30o, 45o and 60o using the equation v=u=at, rearranging this equation to find the time the marble will travel at will become, . Taking the value and doubling it will give you the time it takes to reach the peak velocity and return to rest. This value is then used to predict the range the marble will travel from a set angle via the rule Distance = Speed X Time. These distances will be compared to actual distances tested and evaluated. 3. Procedure 3. 1 Apparatus †¢ Protractor or set square †¢ Meter rule †¢ Small sand pit †¢ Safety spectacles †¢ Compression spring †¢ 1cm diameter plastic conduit †¢ 1cm diameter rubber bung to fit †¢ Marble †¢ Nail 3. 2 Method 1. Firstly the assembly of the launcher, after placing the nail through the pre-cut hole transecting the pipe, the marble is placed inside followed by the spring, the bung is fixed securely in the bottom of the pipe causing tension on the spring which is held until the pin is released. 2. Fixing the launcher to a clamp stand secures that during firing of the marble it will remain at the same angle. 3. Start the experiment by firing the marble vertically to find an average result for the distance the marble travels (Table 4. 1). 4. After this the results can then be used to find the Velocity of the marble. . Using the calculated velocity and suvat equations an estimation for the distance travelled by the marble and the time the marble travelled for can be found for set angles of launch measuring 30o, 45o and 60o. 6. Actual results are then compiled (Table 4. 2). 7. And compared to the estimates (Table 4. 3). 4. Results Table 4. 1: Table showing the mean height travelled by the marble Hei ght travelled by marble (cm) 1 129 2 103 3 98 AVERAGE HEIGHT = 110cm or 1. 1m From this result the Velocity can be determined using the equation v2=u2+2as v2=02+2(9. 8Ãâ€"1. 1) 2=21. 56 v = 4. 64 ms-1 With this result for v the times for each angle can be calculated using the equation v=u=at, rearranging this equation to find the time the marble will travel will become, . and so for the angles 30o, 45o and 60o the calculations are as follows. 600) = = 0. 24s to 2 d. p 450) = = 0. 33 to 2 d. p 300) = = 0. 41 to 2 d. p To find and estimate a distance from the times found previously the value for time is used to predict the range the marble will travel from a set angle via the rule Distance = Speed X Time, speed we know to be 4. 4ms from earlier in the experiment. And time for this calculation is double that of the value found previously because we only worked out the peak velocity, doubling the time compensates for the time taken to reach the peak and the time taken to return to the sand pit. Lm 600) Distance = Speed X Time = 4. 64 x Cos60 x 0. 48 = 1. 93m 450) Distance = Speed X Time = 4. 64 x Cos45 x 0. 66 = 2. 17m 300) Distance = Speed X Time = 4. 64 x Cos30 x 0. 82 = 1. 90m These values are the estimates for the distance travelled by the marble from a launcher at set angles. Table 4. : Table showing the testing of the launcher at set angles. Test 1 (m) Test 2 (m) Test 3 (m) Average (m) 600 1. 3 1. 4 1. 2 1. 3 450 1. 8 1. 8 1. 8 1. 8 300 1. 6 1. 6 1. 7 1. 63 The averages for each angle when calculated are then compared to the estimates made previously. Table 4. 3: Table showing the time taken, the estimated distance travelled and the actual distance travelled by the marble at set angles of trajectory. Angle of Trajectory Time (s) Estimated Distance (m) Actual Distance (m) 600 0. 24 1. 93 1. 50 450 0. 33 2. 17 1. 80 300 0. 41 1. 90 1. 65 5. Summary 5. 1 Discussion The practical was simple enough to evaluate the performance of a marble launcher. It did this efficiently and without major complication. The assembly of the launcher is straightforward with simple components and functions, the testing is easy to carry out, and the results found from the experiment are fairly accurate. 5. 2 Conclusion From the results it was found that the actual distance was less then the estimated distance in all three scenarios. The results did however show similarities between the two sets of data. Both sets showed a pattern where the 30o and 60o values were lower than the 45o value. These two results also appeared to be very similar values in both the estimated and actual calculations. 5. 3 Evaluation The experiments accuracy is fair but could be improved, due to the need for a person to operate the launchers release mechanism, consistency is lost during each firing of the launcher, this could be improved with a mechanical release mechanism or a different style of launcher for example a compressed air powered device. 6. Reference [1] Andrew Zimmerman Jones. 2012. Velocity – Definition of velocity. [WWW] http://physics. about. com/od/glossary/g/velocity. htm. (17 October 2012) How to cite Projectiles Practical Report, Essay examples

Ukrainian Music Essay Example For Students

Ukrainian Music Essay The Ukrainian nation is famous for its musicality. One could see the first musicians of Caving Russ in the frescos of Saint Sofas- Cathedral. Archeological researches stated that first musical instruments were made of mammoth ivory. The most widespread musical instrument of the Old Russ was psaltery. The psaltery was used to accompany songs that were narrating about brave princes and bodyguards. The psaltery werewolves for the family holidays. During the Mongol-Attar invasion the development of Ukrainian musical culture was stopped. The Ukrainian folk songs inspired famous composers in their work. One can hear the spiritual music of Ukrainian composers (D. Abortionist, M. Verbosely, A. Vided) in different churches of the world. Len S. Hula-Radiometrys and M. Lessons operas Ukrainian character and spirit, tender lyrics and patriotism are presented. The most famous among the Ukrainian musical companies are State Academically capable Dumas and State Academically National Choir of G. Everyone, State Academically Ensemble of folk dance of P. Frisky. The Ukrainian folk songs are widespread in the world. We will write a custom essay on Ukrainian Music specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Let us remember the P. Ambassadors Papayas pro rushing. Over the centuries the Ukrainian people have created music. Music art of Ukraine is very rich, it reflects our life, our ideas and emotions. In their folk songs the Ukrainian people showed their heroic past connected with the defense of the Motherland , the struggle for national freedom. Bandeau, kabob and copilot are national musical instruments which are often played at Ukrainian festivities. Now Ukraine has 6 opera houses, 3 operettas, 10 state philharmonic societies, dozen of folk choirs, 5 higher USIA schools. Ukraine actively participates in the worlds cultural progress. The Ukrainian orchestras, folk-music performers, pop and opera singers visited different countries every year and are warmly received abroad. The best known soloists are Dimmit Anatomy, Anatoly Shallowness, Havening Morphophonemic. The Ukrainian national composer school is connected with the name of Nikolas Lessens, pianist, conductor and folklorist who de veloped the traditions of the famous Ukrainian composers, S. Gulag-Earthmovers and P. Kowalski. Ukrainian music

Barriers to love Essays

Barriers to love Essays Barriers to love Paper Barriers to love Paper Essay Topic: Literature The Scrutiny and Other Poems The Sonnets of John Milton The poetry collection provides us with a myriad of examples of how many have to face barriers to love – some of our speakers struggle, whilst many prove love to be an indestructible force, mainly seen by writers during the earlier periods who followed more traditional values, believing in a more courtly style love such as Shakespeare in Sonnet 116. However, later on, for example in the Victorian period, as traditions fell to pieces and certain barriers became stronger than the idea of love, people had lost faith: such as Remember. Meanwhile, in Atonement, McEwan takes us on a journey through the love of Robbie and Cecilia who manage to overcome physical separation that many faced at this time due to the World War. He portrays a realistic, yet strong union, proving that even in the Modern times, love can overcome barriers. In the time of the 16th century, during the Renaissance, when Shakespeare famously published his collection of sonnets – including Sonnet 116 – barriers to love were almost seen as insignificant. Post plague, Shakespeare may be giving hope to those who wanted to hold onto tradition and religion, as the Renaissance marked a time of new ideas and a movement away from the typical ideas around love, which could be much alike McEwan in the sense that Robbie and Cecilia’s love was not broken through the war times. In Sonnet 116, love can overcome all; initially, Shakespeare strengthens the idea of love by naming the poem after the form it takes: a sonnet. Everything about this poem represents love, and nothing can get in its way, not even ‘tempests’, proving how powerful it is and how it can even overcome forces of nature. Society creates no boundaries in terms of love within this poem; the use of the metaphor of the ‘star’ signifies how love is not restricted and can be seen by all. Lastly, we see Shakespeare incorporating personification to illustrate the immortal aspect of love and how it overcomes the barrier of time: ‘Love is not Times Foole’. Clearly barriers of love are seen to be easily defeated, as McEwan also portrays in his novel that attempts to highlight Modern Age love, incorporating realistic scenarios such as the awkwardness in the library, and the issues faced due to war. Many lives were lost, and the story of Robbie and Cecilia could be considered a tragedy, as we discover they die at the end. However, our narrator Briony allows their love to transcend death and live on through use of metafiction: ‘the lovers survive and flourish’, and on paper they do. However, McEwan does highlight the truth and how sometimes, we can lose the ones we love and there is nothing we can do about it. Religion was a big deal prior to the Renaissance, but as soon as science and new ideas came into play, their began questioning of the churches authority. William Blake explores how the church becomes the force that prevents love and innocence in his poem: ‘The Garden of Love’. Much alike John Milton’s famous ‘Paradise Lost’, the poem sees religion in a critical manner, implying a need to move away from typical Christian convention. His use of ‘Thou shall not’ is a form of linguistic deviation to invoke a Biblical tone, and almost mocks the 10 commandments and sees religion as a denial of everything – even love itself. God, described as benevolent, has allowed ‘priests in black gowns’, with black signifying negativity, to walk their ‘rounds’ and observe us – not so loving after all. Our speaker uses internal rhyme to highlight how his ‘desires’ are metaphorically ‘binding with briars’, giving us a sense that doing the things that you love result in punishment. Here, love is faced with a barrier that society has pushed onto people and Blake is clearly trying to, along with Milton, become aware of this. Meanwhile, in Atonement, the idea of status can be a barrier to love, not only for Robbie and Cecilia, but Jack and Emily too. For higher classes, divorce was frowned upon, so although Emily ‘did not wish to be told’ about Jack and his absence, there was not much she could do. Meanwhile, Robbie and Cecilia had ‘known each other since they were seven’, yet she claimed ‘everything he did aimed to distance her’ just because he removed his shoes to refrain from dirtying the floor. Clearly, there was tension due to varying status, keeping the two apart for so long. Therefore, a clear barrier to love, and from moving on to continue to love, is status in Modern times. Finally, we have the Scrutiny, written by Richard Lovelace, who explores the barrier to love: lust and the need to expand horizons in terms of being with others. During the time, he, much alike other poets such as Donne, turned to carpe diem poetry. For the speaker, he ‘must all other Beauties’ – using imperatives to signify the importance of experience before settling down. The endless opportunities he has metaphorically pushes him to become a ‘skilful mineralist’, representing his need to collect a variety of things (women). Boredom had almost become a barrier to love, as well as selfishness. Meanwhile, we can similarly see that Jack, in Atonement, has too taken advantage of the other options and has taken to cheat on his wife. We also see Lola marrying her ‘rapist’, implying that not only selfishness, but shame can be a barrier to love due to the selfishness of others. Overall, barriers of love are seen to both insignificant, and also life changing. Love stories became ever harder to write, and McEwan has managed, by setting his novel at the beginning of the 20th century, where many barriers had to be faced, and love was challenged by war, separation of families and couples, and the struggles of status and judgements of society. Therefore, he has shown how easy it is to love in the 21st century, and how potentially love is much weaker as it does not have to overcome any significant obstacles, hence why 42% of marriages end in divorce. The poems can explore many barriers to love, and different approaches are taken on: traditional love that overcomes all, love that is stolen by new ideas such as the church, and a more selfish and arrogant take on love.

Primary Timber Products Harvested When Selling Trees

Primary Timber Products Harvested When Selling Trees The value of the timber you ultimately sell at harvest time is linked to the value of the products these trees can make. Normally, as the size of individual trees in a timber stand increase in height and diameter, the more valuable that stand becomes as more product classes become available. Trees growing into a more valuable class is what foresters call ingrowth and is continually happening over the life of a managed forest. When a strand is properly managed, the best tree species with the highest potential quality are left to grow into high value pine and hardwood sawtimber and veneer and pine poles upon final harvest. Thinnings in these stands can start as early as 15 years to select and remove lower quality trees with lower but substantial values. These lower-valued products come in the form of pulpwood, superpulp, and chip-n-saw and typically comprise the early thinnings. Product classes are generally defined by their size in the form of their diameter. Foresters express the diameter measurement in terms of diameter measured at breast height (DBH). Here are the major product classes defined on a typical timber sale contract: Pulpwood: Considered the least valuable product at the time of a tree sale, pulpwood is of primary importance when thinning a stand. It has value, and when harvested properly, makes some income even while leaving trees of potential higher value. Pulpwood is typically a small tree measuring   6-9† diameter breast height (DBH). Pulpwood trees are chipped into small chunks, chemically treated, and made into paper. Pulpwood is measured by weight in tons or by volume in standard cords. Canterwood: This is a term locally used to describe pulpwood-sized pine trees from which one 2 x 4 board can be cut in addition to the chips used for pulpwood (not to be confused with chip-n-saw). Another name for canterwood is â€Å"superpulp†. Superpulp is more valuable than regular pulpwood, but markets for this product are not always available. Canterwood is measured by weight in tons or by volume in standard cords. Palletwood: Wood for pallets can be a market for low-quality standing hardwood timber that does not make the grade for lumber. These stands have been mismanaged for optimum hardwood sawtimber production and have no potential to make grade lumber. This market is generally available in regions with a large upland hardwood resource. These trees will be sawed into slats for pallet-making. Palletwood is sometimes called â€Å"skrag.† Chip-n-saw: This product is different from canterwood in that it is cut from trees transitioning from pulpwood into sawtimber size. These tree typically range in the 10-13† DBH size. By using a combination of chipping and sawing techniques, these mid-sized trees produce chips for pulpwood as well as small dimension lumber. Chip-n-saw is heavily dependent on tree quality and height which can saw out straight studs. This product is usually measured in tons or standard cords. Pine and Hardwood Sawtimber: Trees cut for lumber fall into two categories, hardwood lumber and lumber from conifers. Lumber from hardwoods and pines typically is sawn from trees with diameters greater than 14† DBH. Trees are cut into lumber but some of the extra material is converted into chips for fuel or paper production. Sawtimber is measured in tons or board feet. The value of these trees is heavily dependent on tree quality meaning straight, solid logs with little to no defect. Veneer: These trees are cut for peeled or sliced wood veneers and plywood. Trees in the product class have a diameter size of 16† or more. By means of a large lathe, the tree is converted into continuous sheets of thin wood. This is used in the manufacture of plywood and furniture, depending on the type of tree. Veneer and plywood is measured in tons or board feet. Value is heavily dependent on tree quality. Source: South Carolina Forestry Commission. Understanding Timber as a Commodity. https://www.state.sc.us/forest/lecom.htm .

Increasing investment attractivness of CIS countries (ex-USSR Coursework

Increasing investment attractivness of CIS countries (ex-USSR countries) - Coursework Example De novo firms are very instrumental in the development of the transitioning countries. But, the development of the de novo corporations has been relatively lower, illustrating entry barriers. FDI of the energy sector is determined by long term aspects. They are also determined by the general investment climate, like corporate management, rule of law and transparency. Slovakia has significantly attracted FDI, because of the adequate volumes of oil and gas reserves. Inward FDI flows are approximately $790 million annually. Estonia has adequate net FDI inflows in Eastern Europe. This is due to the valuable oil and gas sector (Kudina 2014). Major FDI value originates from Western Europe, United States and Canada. Turkmenistan had an average inward FDI of $227 million. This was achieved through the production sharing arrangements between the oil sector and the non-oil sector joint ventures. Lithuania experienced a huge proportion of inward FDI, originating from the oil pipeline expansion projects, and the energy sector privatization. Latvia has inward FDI that greatly depends on huge mineral resources reserves. Inward FDI of Estonia is more diversified, illustrating the diverse industrial structure (Jakubial & Pacyzynski 2010). The major Latvia sectors getting major inflow FDI food, telecommunication and energy. The main source countries for the FDI are France, Russia and United States. Gazprom, a Russian company, has majority shares in Latgas, a Latvia gas company. The East European governments also make arrangements to cancel foreign debt, in exchange for equity; for example, the 100% equity of Hrazdan thermal plant, in exchange for cancelling debt (Khasson 2012). Some of the CIS countries have not adequately adopted the basic market reforms. This is the explanation for the low levels of FDI inflows, with a clear exception to the Yamal pipeline. The pipeline is owned and operated by Gazprom, but its

Financial intermediation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Financial intermediation - Essay Example Being an intermediary also means acting as the middleman or go-between among lenders and borrowers; a good example of a financial intermediary are the banks and other financial institutions which accept deposits from people who have extra monies and lend these out to those who need them and willing to pay interest for the use of the money. Financial intermediation is the crucial process in any of free capitalist markets or economies because it allows for capital-raising activities and helps to promote economic growth. This is achieved through a dual savings – investment process. Financial intermediation accomplishes three general objectives which are: convert a short-term liability into a long-term asset (banks do this by reconciling different maturities), a way to mitigate market risks (such as by lending to several borrowers instead of just one) and to re-denominate fund amounts (like bundling several small investors together and lend their monies to one big borrower; conver sely, one big deposit can be lent out to many borrowers). When financial regulation is performed by the concerned government authorities/agency in a prudential manner, it will safeguard the economy from excessive risks and abuses. The primary beneficiaries of financial intermediation are the borrowers who will be able to keep their borrowing costs down as opposed to borrowing directly on the markets and other primary beneficiaries are the lenders who will be insulated from any of probable market failures if done properly, as stated earlier, in a prudent way. The entire nation will benefit if it is well-managed, in the sense that intermediation increases financial efficiency. Using Financial Intermediation to Trade Risks – a good example to trade risks is the insurance industry. What insurance firms do is spread the risks by issuing several life policies, for example, because not all people die at the same time. In other words, only a few people do die in a certain year based on statistics (or probabilities) and so the insurance people can make money based on these probabilities. For example, they issue a thousand life insurance policies and accept premium payments on these policies; however, maybe only 10 people die within a single year and so they are able to earn profits because their payout is much less than revenues from the premium payments they receive. There are also many other ways by which risks can be traded, such as through esoteric investment instruments like credit default sways (CDS) or by selling collateralized debt obligations (CDO) like the sub-prime mortgage markets. The net effect of these opaque and poorly-understood instruments is to transfer the risks to the buyers. Banks, insurance firms and investment companies are example of financial intermediaries that trade risks in the open market and make money by their arbitrage activities. Intermediaries are necessary to mediate or mitigate the risks by credit rationing or diversification (Benner 90). Components of Good Financial Management – the collapse of the sub-prime market in the United States of America brought to the fore the issue of unregulated and opaque types of investment instruments such as derivatives (the CDO and CDS are two examples of these). Other examples of derivative investment instruments are options, futures, swaps and forwards in which the derivatives' values are based on another underlying commodity, hence its name. Its ultimate value is derived from other variables and derivatives are supposed to work by the process in which excessive swings or fluctuations in prices are avoided. A derivative in any of tradeable commodities is simply a contract in which the payoff is dependent on the