Impact Of Workplace Stress On Organizational Performance Psychology Essay

Impact Of Workplace Stress On Organizational Performance Psychology Essay Stress in the workplace is a new phenomenon in modern life and has become an increasingly one of the most discussed topic over the past decade. Workplace stress can be defined as the change in ones physical or mental state in response to workplaces that pose an appraised challenge or threat to that employee (Thomas W. Colligan, 2005). It is already established that the stress in the workplace represents threat not only for physical health of one worker, but also for the health of all labour collective. As a result, it does not only affect the employees performance, reduces their work efficiency but also may have huge impact to an organisations performance and can lower an organisations profit (Ton, Huckman, 2008). Statistical figures indicate stress is a bigger problem than people give it credit (Ornelas and Kleiner, 2003). According to survey which was conducted by Health and Safety Executive in 2006, one in six working people in the UK believed that their job was very or extremely stressful (Bupas health information team, 2010). There are many factors that can cause stress in the working place. Most known factors are work overload; job insecurity; long working hours; insufficient training; poor work organisation and etc. Workplace stress has been proved to lower productivity, increase absenteeism, and create pervasive patterns of dysfunction in the workplace (Anderson Puluch, 2001; Levin-Epstein, 2002). Finally, in modern day most of the organisations understand very well that one of the main reason of unwanted expenses of the organisation are the costs caused by stress according to the Health Safety Executive (HSE) in the UK, work-related stress, depression or anxiety accounted for an estimated 13.5 million lost working days in Britain in 2007/08. This makes stress an extremely expensive loss for businesses: the HSE estimates that British industry loses  £370 million a year due to stress (UK HSE stress statistics). Although, most organisations spend a lot of time, money and efforts to prevent or control the stress, unfortunately in most cases these efforts are not effective. Therefore organisations need to develop new ways to deal with increasing stress in working place. Scope of study This paper aims to explain an aspect of organizational performance that has not been extensively examined the impact of stress on organizational performance. The paper attempts to make an emphasis on how impact of stress in organizations can be perceived and understood, and it also argues that the stress is an important element in the theory and practice of organizational performance. Research will be carried out using both secondary data and primary data in the forms of interviews and questionnaires with organisations. Specific Research Questions Do the organisations really take the impact of stress seriously and how they intend to deal with it? Hypothesis H 1: In spite of rising expenses, organisations will still ignore impact of stress as useless knowledge. H 2: Having realized the impact of stress organisations will develop new mechanism in minimising and controlling stress. Objectives O 1: To identify main factors behind workplace stress O 2: To evaluate the costs which are caused by stress at a workplace and how they impact on the organizational performance? O 3: To establish workable stress management techniques for managing the workplace stress. Literature review This chapter will critically analyse the stress development process and its impact to organisational performance. The literature review is structured into two sections. The first section the theory of organizational stress examines the theory of stress development and the main factors of the organizational stress. The second part reviews the impact of stress to an organisational performance and suggests ways how to manage it. Theory of organizational stress According to Cote S. Morgan LM (2002), stress is basically a form of unpleasant emotion and has got the potential to increase employee turnover. But other authors such as Hart and Cooper (2001) point out that the scientific community still has not reached an agreed position on the meaning and definition of occupational stress. In the past three decades, a lot of studies have been carried out in order to explore the main factors of organisational stress and to find out link between employee job stress and organizational performance. The studies have been conducted in a various organisations. The early studies indicate deadline pressures, job dissatisfaction, job insecurity and repetitive work (Kasl, 1973) as the main factors of organisational stress. More recent studies have explored some others factors such as inadequate feedback regarding performance, lack of training and lack of control (Doby Caplan, 1995). The lack of opportunity of interaction with other workers or in other words isolation is another important factor in increasing workplace stress (Wachtel, 1989). The feeling of isolation does not only involve machinery or assembly line jobs, it may also take place in boring or repetitive jobs such as computer data entry which tend to increase employee stress levels (Karasek Theorell, 1990). Impact of stress to an organisational performance and how to manage it Stress at workplaces is on rise which in its own turn results higher rate of sickness (absenteeism) among employees, reduced productivity and overall, having negative impact on the efficiency of organisational performance. Managing stress and its attendant health and productivity consequences may be one of the biggest challenges facing organizations in the 1990s (Murphy, 1995). In the article, Management: Principles and Practices written by Holt D. H. (1990), the author suggests that in order to manage job stress effectively, two conditions should be met. First, the individual worker must be able to recognize causes of stress and realize their consequences and second, organizations must develop stress prevention and stress reduction techniques. The book Managing workplace stress written by Susan Cartwright, Cary L. Cooper (1997) can be considered one of the best book in the field of organisational stress. The book on the one hand provides detailed information about the source of stress at a workplace, examines the cause of the rise in work-related stress; on the other hand, it proves clearly the important role of organisational culture in stress managing process. According to Nelson Quick (1996) excess stress has direct impact in lowered individual and organizational performance, as a result both production and quality suffering. In other words, stress is a main factor that causes organizational inefficiency, absenteeism because of sickness, increased costs of health care and decreased job satisfaction (AbuAlRub, 2004). Meantime, both field and laboratory studies are always carried out to find out the best ways to reduce work-related stress. Some findings have been proved very effective. One of them is involvement of employee in decision making process that significantly lowers job-related stress (Landy, Quick and Kasl, 1994). Another finding is the measures developed by authors like Khanka (2000) and Cole (2002) which can be adopted to reduce workplace stress. The measures require the organisations to set up clear objectives that will assist to minimize job and role ambiguity; to maximize employees job fit through careful screening and selection. Specific questions to focus on in the study This study seeks to answer the following research questions: Objective 1: Identify what stress is and main factors behind stress at a workplace? Is there a relationship between impact of stress and organisational performance? What is role of stress in organisational productivity? What are the roles of the modern technologies in rising workplace stress? Does stress have always negative impact or can it have positive impact to organisational performance as well? Objective 2: Why is it important to manage causes of work-related stress? Apart from financial cost, what affects have stress on organisational performance? What is best strategies and techniques for preventing job stress What is role of organisational culture/climate in reducing stress? Methodology The section will assess all available research methods and choose most suitable methods in order to accomplish the proposed tasks. Main aim of the section is to find out how seriously is taken the impact of stress by organisations. 5.1 Approaches to research For all objective of this study the author will be using a scientific approach. The author intends to use statistical data throughout the research to support the analysis. 5.2 Research Design Multiple method of data collection will be used for this study. The reason for this is that using mixing modes will maximise responses as the author plans to take interview from some respondents face-to-face, from others by mail. In addition, a structured questionnaire will be used to collect data from the respondents on the variables of the study. 5.3 Sampling Sampling is a fundamental method of inferring information about an entire population without going into any trouble or expense of measuring every member of the population (White, Wilson Pfoutz, 2006). As this study will be carrying out survey, random sampling technique will be used in the sample selection. Sampling will be conducted in both interview and questionnaire forms. 5.4 Data collection Though, the study includes both primary and secondary data, the author will mainly use primary data for this study. Face-to-face interviews will be carried out with representatives of a number of organisations. Because of time and physical constraints, questionnaires will be sent via e-mail. Secondary data will be gathered from different online libraries and databases. 5.5 Evaluation of primary research methods for this specific study Surveys and questionnaire will be used in the study in order to gather primary data. Main purpose of surveys are to assess the distribution of some variables such as proportion of the population of different age groups, sex, religion, castes and languages, knowledge, attitude and adaption of practices about particular issues, and other information of similar nature about the population (Commonwealth of Learning, 2000). 5.6   Ã‚  Possible Conclusion to research objective From this study, it can be concluded that stress can have both negative and positive impact on organisational performance. Organisations can encourage productive stress by assisting employees to build challenge into their work, can organise stress-reduction workshops and also can change element of stress by redesigning jobs to reduce role conflict and role ambiguity.

Demographics Diversity and Education in Texas

Demographic displacement has a great bearing on several facets of community development, regional development taking to the province and state development. Texas is one of the provinces where it will be pertinent to analyze these facets as it borders Mexico. Switching demographics over the old ages in Texas with regard to population of migrators, graduation from schools, employment rates tell a batch to us with respect to the hereafter development and related planning procedure.The Demographic Shift in TexasThe biggest demographic displacement seen in Texas is towards growing of population of Hispanics, which was found to hold increased by 33 % between 2000 and 2008. At the same clip, not Latino population excessively has gone up by similar per centum ( 33.7 % ) during the same period. However, populations of Whites and inkinesss have gone up by 5.4 and 16.2 % severally. Every county in the province of Texas did non hold similar growing. For illustration in the Dallas County the popu lation of Whites has gone down by 13.7 % in contrast to the Hispanic growing of population of 41.6 % . ( Former Census DirectoraˆÂ ¦ ) As per 2005 US nose count, individuals of Hispanic beginning accounted for 35.31 % that belonged to any race. Mexicans are considered to be largest lineage group in Texas accounting 25.3 % with African American and Germans accounting to 10.5 % each. English and Scots-Irish are at 7.2 % each. It will be interesting to see how this population displacement has affected the school graduation over these old ages. In one of the survey done by IDRA ( Intercultural Development Research Association ) during the twelvemonth 2006-07 across Texas populace schools it was found to hold abrasion rate of around 34 % . To farther elaborate, around 34 % fresh pupils who enrolled in 2003-04 left school before graduating from a Texas public high school before 2006. The current statewide abrasion rate in Texas is seen to be higher than that found during 1985-86 as per survey done by IDRA. Higher abrasion rates indicate schools ‘ failure to maintain pupils in school. ( Texas Public School )AnalysisSome of the main findings can be listed as under: One of every three pupils left school prior to graduating with high school sheepskin. Overall abrasion rate has gone up by 3 % from 1985-86 to 2006-07 The abrasion rates of black pupils have gone up from 7 to 18 per centum points. Attrition rates of Latino pupils have remained the same at 45 % ( Attrition and Dropout ratesaˆÂ ¦ ) In position of the diverse cultural groups and race in Texas, political economic system has a important importance for the growing and development of province. These groups do hold diverse spiritual religions excessively. It becomes indispensable that they work cohesively for the overall aim of growing and development. Besides public school, the State of Texas promotes charter school so that under privileged and deprived excessively acquire equal chance for the development and growing. Charter schools are attractive because advanced pedagogues have a freedom to develop new and refined attacks to formal instruction. The province of Texas is one of the taking provinces in advancing the charter schools and that is declarative from the fact that the province has excused charter schools from certain revenue enhancements. State Board of Education ( SBOE ) of Texas is a facilitating organic structure for set uping charter schools. Government has to guarantee that everybody gets an chance without any racial, gender or category prejudice. It becomes necessary that these diverse groups have a religion in each other. The manner European feudal society examined political economic system, the political orientation and schooling clip to clip in a societal context so is the demand to absorb and convey homogeneousness across these diverse ethnic groups and race. Native Americans were most conformable to assimilation through instruction as mentioned by Jefferson and the same is the demand of an hr for holding all unit of ammunition growing with full engagement of all diverse groups of any race and ethnicity. Steven Tozer states â€Å" schools are complex establishments with varied and intricate relationships to their surrounding communities † . While the survey of learning methods and direction is important to proper teacher instruction, instructors must understand the complex nature and the broader societal context of instruction in order to do determinations about educational ends and methods for themselves. In other words, in add-on to larning how to learn, instructors should develop an apprehension of the dealingss between their schools and the larger society in which schools are embedded. Thus school preparation is based on premiss that understanding the context of American schooling in general and Texas in peculiar can take to an apprehension of what it means to fix pupils to come in and populate in a democratic society.Determining and Bettering the Education SystemIn position of the above demographic displacement in Texas, it becomes imperative to develop and implement nece ssary alterations in instruction system and course of study, which eventually brings equal chance for all, riddance of poorness for the category who are deprived and therefore opening the door for inclusive growing. At this occasion, it will be pertinent to take note of the positions of some of the celebrated educationalists who have played a cardinal function in determining the American schools over the old ages. Horace Mann has possibly instilled most profound impact as an educationalist to carry through the above ends. He felt the demand to promote the moral orientation of the pupils and he was right in indicating out that it can better be achieved through public schools. He strongly believed that a set of values can be devised for citizens in the proper operation of democracy and that should be nurtured during the school yearss of a kid. These set of values are non identified with any spiritual religions and will ever be compatible to all spiritual beliefs and followerss. Mann emphasized on practical cognition. He believed that ownership of cognition means one is in charge of his/her fate. He believed that human existences are separate from all other species in their pursuit of cognition, intent and intelligence and if these are non decently harnessed so life is so full of waste. Mann strongly opposed rote acquisition as it is non effectual and does non convey coveted consequences. He viewed larning as a agency to an terminal which separates us from the animate being. ( Giants of American Education, pg 7 ) His positions on instruction in his Twelfth Annual Report as Secretary of Massachusetts State Board of Education clearly advocated about cosmopolitan instruction which will emancipate the domination of capital and obsequiousness of labour to a big extent.Educationist James ConantJames Conant put frontward particular plans for gifted pupils and screening them as per their ability and proposed academically less gifted pupils for work. Conant besides proposed scholarships to academically qualified pupils. He was concerned about â€Å" fringy † pupils and of the sentiment that excessively many pupils are likely to lend to societal instability through over-education. Conant steadfastly relied on experts as a means to make ideal democratic values and believed in equality of all type of labours. His survey of high schools conducted in 1957-58 along with run for the book ‘The American High School Today ‘ all greatly contributed to the public sentiment that comprehensive high schools were carry throughing its mission. He concluded that vocational instruction was suited for schools holding low economic strength. John Dewey stressed that the pedagogue must take into consideration that each pupil is different. Each individual has a different yesteryear experiences and different familial scenes. For him, instruction has a broader societal intent and purposes at giving freedom along with construction and order to the pupils and non based on merely caprices of the instructor or the pupils. So harmonizing to him it is based on the theory of experience, which is derived from continuity and interaction. Each state of affairs can be experienced otherwise by different individuals because of the singularity of each person. One pupil may hold a liking for one school while another one may detest it and for pedagogue it is indispensable to understand these state of affairss while showing the educational state of affairss to them. Therefore, the instructor with good apprehension of these varied state of affairss probably to assist pupils and supply quality instruction to the pupils, which is besides releva nt to the pupils. ( Experience and instruction ) In present extremely competitory sphere, any employer would wish to see following from his/her employees. Comprehension and reading accomplishments Communication skills – written and unwritten Computational accomplishments Problem resolution and decision-making capacity In order to foster above accomplishments, it is required to hold activity-centered instruction. Students should be trained for rational and moral growing with maximal flexibleness and freedom in their operations. Having seen assorted cardinal issues involved in the reform procedure, it can be said that the followers should be the most cardinal portion of the educational reforms procedure. Educational disadvantage linked with ethnicity, race, and low household income should non come in between while tackling the endowment of pupils. Ninety per centum of school instructors in U.S public schools are white so pedagogues of all race and cultural orientation demand to develop new teaching methods to run into the demands of altering demographics with extreme earnestness. Highly trained and effectual instructors are the demand of an hr and most critical ingredient for pupil ‘s inclusive growing and their public presentation. Teachers need to develop cultural competences – should be able to organize and develop effectual relationships across all race and ethnicity. Proper monitoring and timely disciplinary action with appropriate feedback to the pupils will assist accomplish higher public presentation from the pupils. There has to be changeless and echt interaction between instructor and pupils so that timely disciplinary actions keep the diverse race of pupils in one common watercourse. All support directed for the proper cause and used most efficaciously towards the attainment of aims laid down clearly and exactly in a given clip frame.DecisionFinally, any public school should come out with an effectual mission statement for instructors and school leading that ‘my school is committed to leave an just and indifferent educational experience for every pupil of the school regardless of their gender, race, ability, socioeconomic association, faith, beginning, age, or linguistic communication. ‘

Staff Motivation at Sharp Healthcare - 1779 Words

Staff Motivation at Sharp HealthCare Mahzad Farahani California State University of East Bay Professor Jay Umeh 10/22/2014 Abstract The main goal of Sharp Healthcare is to increase employees, physicians, and patient satisfaction as well as providing quality care. They believe that in order for the facility to be successful, it has to have motivated staff who provide quality care. At Sharp Health Care, they believe in open communication among the staff, which can be argued to be a weak approach. It can also be argued that Sharp Healthcare can be rewarding their staff so that they can improve their performance further. Overall, Sharp approach to motivate its staff is a great innovation and it will be great if it is replicated in†¦show more content†¦However, only two of the five behaviors and actions are related to employee motivation. The most relevant of two requires managerial level employees to foster an attitude of gratitude and send thank-you notes to other deserving employees. A recent study by MarketTools Inc. for Globoforce confirms that a lack of sincere recognition provided to employees is a lea ding cause of turnover. The study identifies a solid correlation between the level of recognition delivered by managers and the loyalty of their direct reports (Sun). Thus, thank-you notes are cheap and simple yet sincere and an effective way of showing recognition to employees which will increase their loyalty and motivation. RE-RECRUITING EMPLOYEES One of the tools Sharp managers use to retain the employees is re-recruitment of current employees rather than new ones. Re-recruiting recognizes employees for their contributions, renews their sense of self-worth and loyalty, and ensures their longevity. The management places employees in three different categories based on their performance. The categories include great, good and low-performing employees. The management meets with employees in each category individually. 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The Law Is Hunting Illegal On Sundays - 889 Words

1. LAW: Being a native of the Common Wealth of Pennsylvania, I took the liberty of conducting research on the irrelevant and or ridiculous laws that Pennsylvania enforces. My search began with the obvious google inquiry, and amusingly enough â€Å"Stupid Pennsylvania Laws† immediately rendered several sites for research ability. Unfortunately, most of the referenced laws could not be validated by supporting documentation. The laws which I could validate, had, in my opinion a certain level of validity. However, the one law that has personally struck a chord with me for as long as I can remember, has and will remain until its annulment, the law makes hunting illegal on Sundays. Based upon my research, this law has been in effect for over 100 years, giving way to religious culture of Sunday being a day of rest and farmers concerns on trespassing violations. I attend church, however, it generally has a tendency to become a faà §ade of worship and more of a social event. I seek Go d every day, and I am pleased to find his present in nature and the randomly humbling kind acts of strangers. People have the ability to make a choice about how they will spend their time, this law robs sportsman and women of this right. Onto the matter of trespassing, I have witnessed several violations of trespassing in my expeditions and have also fallen victim to them myself. Perhaps, stricter laws on trespassing may be a solution (if they are enforced)? Times constantly change, our schedules and ourShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Speech Outline Drink Water1632 Words   |  7 Pagestrouble w/ law? Sure couple speed/park ticket before/ 2. Audience relevance: More than likely all broken law-just today 3. Central idea: Many passed each year but antiquated no longer significant-most bizarre, make us wonder how came to be/why havent repealed 4. Credibility statement: Trip to OK, brother spit sidewalk, Gma said illegal, research-true along w/ others 5. 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The gun discussion has been the Congress agenda for years now, but the opinions on gun owning are so controversialRead MoreWhy Guns Should Be Banned9306 Words   |  38 PagesLanza shot twenty children, six adult staff members at Sandy Hook Elementary School and his mother at their home. Later on he committed suicide. Since the mass shooting, there’s been an explosive discussion about whether the US has to tougher their laws or even ban civilians from having guns. Some say the culture of permissiveness is now so out of control, that something has to change. The gun discussion has been the Congress agenda for years now, but the opinions on gun owning are so controversialRead MoreDeviance and Social Control2641 Words   |  11 Pagesworkers. The government expresses social control through law enforcement and other formal sanctions. There are positive sanctions such as rewards for obedience and there are negative sanctions such as penalties for disobedience. 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